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| REVIEW ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 9
| Issue : 2 | Page : 47-55 |
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Prevalence of needlestick injuries among health-care workers in iranian hospitals: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Yousef Alimohamadi1, Maryam Taghdir2, Mojtaba Sepandi2, Leila Kalhor3, Fahimeh Abedini3
1 Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Health Research Center, Life Style Institute; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| Date of Submission | 05-Oct-2019 |
| Date of Acceptance | 26-Apr-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 30-May-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Mojtaba Sepandi
Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 3 |
DOI: 10.4103/atr.atr_91_19
Background: Needlestick and sharp injuries have been identified as the most dangerous factor among health-care workers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 385,000 health-care workers experience needlestick each year. Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of needlestick injuries (NSIs) in Iranian health-care workers. In this review and meta-analysis, the local and international databases such as Scopus, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran were searched using keywords including “prevalence” OR “needle” OR “needle stick” OR “Sharp injury” OR “Iranian personnel's” OR “Iranian health care workers” OR “Iranian hospitals” OR “Iran.” The original researches that determined the prevalence of NSIs among Iranian health-care workers and published from January 2005 to June 2019 were included in the current study. The pooled prevalence of NSIs was determined using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval. All analyses were performed using STATA version 11 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). P < 0.05 was considered as a significant level. Results: The overall prevalence of NSIs among Iranian health-care personnel was about 50.8 (46.3–55.2). Furthermore, this prevalence in educational, noneducational, both noneducational and educational, and military centers was about 51.1 (46.5–57.7), 40.4.1 (34.2–46.6), 61.0 (32.1–89.9), and 41.5 (23.0–60.0), respectively. The prevalence of NSIs among the nurses was 51.1 (45.4–56.8), which was more than other groups. Conclusions: The prevalence of NSIs in Iranian hospitals was high. Since most of the injuries are caused by nurses, more intervention programs should be designed for nurses in these wards.
Keywords: Iranian hospitals, needlestick injury, prevalence
How to cite this article:
Alimohamadi Y, Taghdir M, Sepandi M, Kalhor L, Abedini F. Prevalence of needlestick injuries among health-care workers in iranian hospitals: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Trauma Res 2020;9:47-55 |
How to cite this URL:
Alimohamadi Y, Taghdir M, Sepandi M, Kalhor L, Abedini F. Prevalence of needlestick injuries among health-care workers in iranian hospitals: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Trauma Res [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 May 29];9:47-55. Available from: https://www.archtrauma.com/text.asp?2020/9/2/47/285482 |
| Introduction | |  |
A needlestick injury (NSI) is the penetration of the skin by a hypodermic needle or another sharp object, which has been in contact with blood, tissue, or other body fluids. These injuries caused by needles and sharp objects including medical devices that may have already been contaminated with infectious agents.[1],[2] A NSI often occurs during activities such as blood transfusions, sampling, needle removal, collection of excreted materials, re-insertion of syringes, blood and body excretions, and secretions.[3] NSIs are considered as an occupational hazard for health-care workers.[4] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 385,000 health-care workers in America annually experience NSI.[5] Many countries, including Iran, try to prevent NSI, but despite safety precautions, NSIs still occur and inflict significant economic costs.[5] Several factors such as work-related stress, lack of skills, lack of caution, organizational factors, staff shortages, and fatigue are all contributing factors.[6] Cho et al., in an extensive review study, identified three main factors in NSIs that include engineering factors (e.g., design of devices and tools), organizational factors (such as reporting policies), and behavioral factors (such as needle reinsertion and disposal issues).[7] In addition to cost and concern, the NSI transmits blood-borne infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. Furthermore, more than 90% of infections caused by NSI among health-care workers occur in low-income countries.[5],[8] The World Health Organization estimates that NSI is responsible for 40% of hepatitis B and C and 2.5% of HIV worldwide.[9] NSIs can cause diseases such as brucellosis, diphtheria, gonorrhea, and so on.[10] In addition to the risk of illness and death, it also causes psychological trauma and long-term disabilities, fear, stress, and anxiety.[3] Although it is important to report needlestick cases, in Iran, 59% of the NSI cases among health-care workers are not reported.[1] Due to the importance of NSI prevention among health-care workers, a pooled estimation of NSI prevalence is greatly warranted for planning effective preventive interventions among health-care workers. In spite of the presence of poled estimation of NSIs in published studies with different qualities in last years,[1] it needs to update previous information and consider new dimensions in the estimation of pooled measures. Thus, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to update previous information in this issue and to estimate a pooled prevalence of NSIs among Iranian health-care workers.
| Methods | | |
Search strategy
This study reviewed data on the prevalence of NSIs in Iran during 2005–2019. In this review and meta-analysis, both local and international databases including Scopus, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID and Magiran were searched using related keywords. The search strategy for PubMed was as follows: “prevalence” OR “needle” OR “needle stick” OR “sharp injury” OR “Iranian personnel” OR “Iranian health care workers” OR “Iranian hospitals” OR “Iran.” Similar specification was used for the other databases. Furthermore, a manual search of reference lists in the selected articles was conducted. In case of the unavailability of full texts or missed information, we attempted to obtain the full text or information from authors by E-mail. The Persian sites were also searched using the equivalent of these terms. Further, the sources of studied articles were reviewed to get access to other articles.
Eligibility criteria
Research papers conducted both in English and Persian on the prevalence of NSIs in Iran, between January 2005 and June 2019, were selected for the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows:[1] cross-sectional studies,[2] articles in Persian and English languages, and[3] articles with an appropriate methodological quality (quality score more than 7). Qualitative studies, reviews, letters to editors, and studies conducted on housekeeping staff were excluded from the study. More details are shown in [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: The process of surveying, screening, and selecting the articles according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement
Click here to view |
Risk of bias and quality assessment
The relevant articles were selected and their full texts were extracted. Each article was evaluated independently by two researchers. After selecting the studies, the related variables in each study including the study type, sample size, prevalence of needlestick, demographic characteristics of participants, time, and place of a study were entered in the predesigned Microsoft Excel datasheet.
In addition, to assess the risk of bias and the quality of studies, a 12-item checklist was used.[1] Using this checklist, the studies assessed different items including clarity in research question, selection of an appropriate approach for the research question, clarity in study context, role of the researcher, clarity in the sampling method, appropriateness of sampling method, clarity in methods of data collection, selection of an appropriate method of data collection, clarity in methods of data analysis, describing main characteristics of the understudy population, appropriateness of methods of data analysis, and reliability of findings. Items were reviewed for each study; one score was given for each item if the item met the criterion item. The minimum and the maximum scores by this checklist were 0 and 12, respectively.
Statistical analysis
The statistical heterogeneity was examined using the Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered as heterogeneity. Inconsistency between the studies was evaluated using the I2 statistic; the higher amount of I2 value indicates the real heterogeneity between studies. The range of this index is between 0% and 100%. Studies with an I2 statistic of >75% are referred to as high heterogeneity.[11] We also estimated the between-study variance using the tau-squared (tau2) statistic.[12] The Begg and Egger tests were conducted to assess the publication bias.[13],[14] The final meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence using a random-effects model[15] with a 95% confidence interval. We conducted subgroup analyses and meta-regression to assess factors related to the heterogeneity. All analyses were performed using the STATA version 11.0 software (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA). All statistical tests were two-tailed. For Begg and Egger tests, P < 0.1 was considered as statistically significant, but for other tests, P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
| Results | | |
After risk of bias checking so, all of the 62 studies were checked using the mentioned checklist and none of the studies were excluded. Totally 4823 records were retrieved from January 2005 to June 2019 using the search strategy. In this study, 4573 of the records were removed because they were unrelated to the understudied issue. Furthermore, from a total of 4823 records, 92 duplicate records were excluded from the study. We also excluded 66 articles after screening their titles and abstracts. The full texts of the remaining 62 studies were screened, and 30 studies were excluded [Figure 1]. Finally, 62 full-text articles were included in this meta-analysis that the pooled prevalence of NSIs was estimated for them. The general characteristics of the studies are shown in [Table 1]. The total sample size was 19408 cases. In this study, 27 (43.5%) of the total studies had been performed on health-care workers and 24 (38.7%) and 11 (17.7%) of the studies had been conducted on nurses and students, respectively. The percentage of hepatitis B vaccination coverage in total personnel was 88.1% ± 11.8. All studies were performed on both men and women.
The lowest and the highest estimated prevalence rates of NSIs in studies were 17.2 and 89.3%, respectively. The overall prevalence of NSIs among Iranian health personnel was about 50.8 (46.3–55.2) (I2 = 97.8%) [Figure 2]. The prevalence rates of NSIs in educational, noneducational, both noneducational and educational, and military centers were about 51.1 (46.5–57.7), 40.4.1 (34.2–46.6), 61.0 (32.1–89.9), and 41.5 (23.0–60.0), respectively [Table 2]. The prevalence of NSIs among the nurses was 51.1 (45.4–56.8), which was more than other groups. Furthermore, the prevalence of NSIs among the night shift workers with a rate of 72.7 (64.2–81.2) was more than other groups. Moreover, sharp object and hand were the main cause of NSIs and the major organ involved in NSIs among Iranian health-care personnel [Table 2]. In terms of heterogeneity, the results of meta-regression showed that working shift had a significant effect on heterogeneity between the studies (P: 0.01), but other variables such as “year,” “sample size,” “target personnel,” “damaged organ,” “type of hospital,” and “injury agent” had no significant effect on heterogeneity between the studies (P > 0.05) [Table 3]. | Figure 2: Prevalence of needlestick injuries in health-care workers of Iranian hospitals
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 | Table 2: The prevalence of needlestick injuries according to different variables among Iranian health-care workers
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 | Table 3: The results of univariate meta-regression in detecting the factors affecting heterogeneity
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The effect of “year” of study and “sample size” on determined prevalence is shown in [Figure 3]. According to these figures, the prevalence of NSIs was decreased by increasing the sample size. In addition, by increasing the year of the study, the prevalence of NSIs has been almost constant. | Figure 3: The effect of “year” and “sample size” of the studies on determined prevalence rates in Iran
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Several studies have been recently conducted on the prevalence of NSIs, which have reported different results. This study showed the overall prevalence of NSI in Iranian health-care workers in Iran, which was 50.8% (46.3–55.2). This amount was higher than the prevalence of NSIs in Qatar (20.9%)[69] and Pakistan (94%).[70] According to another study, the prevalence of NSIs among Iranian health-care workers was about 42%.[1] The differences between the two studies may be due to different inclusion periods for the studies or different sample sizes.
The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of NSIs in educational hospitals was more than that in noneducational and military hospitals. This may be due to more patient referrals and overcrowding as well as staff fatigue in educational hospitals. Furthermore, this increased prevalence may be due to novice medical students with low training skills working in educational hospitals. Furthermore, the results indicated that the prevalence of NSIs in nurses was more than in other health-care workers. Similar to our findings, the systematic reviews conducted by Khraisat et al.,[71] Martins et al.,[72] and Voide et al.[73] showed that the prevalence of NSIs in nurses was higher than in other health-care workers in hospitals (64% vs. 44%).[71] Furthermore, in a study carried out by Yoshikawa et al., NSIs occurred in nurses three times more than in other health-care workers.[74] One explanation could be the fact that nurses are exposed to the injections more and are responsible for venipunctures, intravenous fluid administration, and other procedures that require the use of needles. Furthermore, they engage with direct contact with patients, high workload, and more exposure to sharp objects, inadequate staffing, and long working hours. Despite the findings of the present study, some studies such as Khatony et al.[6] and Lakbala et al.[41] showed that the prevalence of NSIs in operating room staff was more than nurses. Reviewing literature shows that the incident of NSIs is associated with three main factors: engineering (the form of devices), organizational (injury-reporting policies), and behavioral (recapping needles and disposing of them) factors.[7] According to the results, the cause of most injuries was reported to be behavioral factors such as recapping the needle.[40],[75] Further, our findings indicated that the prevalence of NSIs was more among the night shift workers than in other groups. Reasons for this include high fatigue, drowsiness, stress, and lack of staff during the night shift. The results of the present study are consistent with the results of some similar studies conducted by Salmanzadeh et al.[51] and Aghabeigi et al.[38]
Other findings of the present study showed that the sharp object and hand was the main cause of NSIs and the most damaged organ in NSIs among Iranian health-care personnel; these results are in line with the results of other studies conducted by Nejadrahim R, et al.,[16] Seraji et al.,[30] Rahnavard et al.,[32] Khatony et al.,[6] Pili et al.,[36] Aghabeigi et al.,[38] Abdifar et al.,[39] Lakbala et al.,[41] and Kebede et al.[4] Considering the effective factors and performing subgroup analysis, selection of an extended time interval for published articles, a large sample size, and a high number of selected studies were the strengths of the current study. Some limitations of the present study included inadequate information of some articles, irregular regional distribution of studies from around the country, small sample size, and unknown sampling method of some studies. Reporting an accurate estimate of this problem in Iran and comparing it with other countries through meta-analysis is highly recommended. We also suggest further studies to be conducted to investigate and compare the prevalence of NSIs in dentists, nursing and medical students, and housekeeping staff with other health-care workers.
| Conclusion | | |
The results of the present study showed a high frequency of NSIs. Lack of compliance with standards in using the equipment, wearing protective devices, and disposing of sharp objects may increase the risk of NSIs. NSIs and injuries due to sharp objects can be reduced by taking such measures as supplying standard and safe equipment, holding training courses regarding safety issues in the work environment, providing enough staffing, and cutting down working hours.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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